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“Governance and Citizenship within Platform Urbanization: Digital twin and Inclusive Urban Development.”

Capacity Building Workshop

17 June 2024, Birkbeck University of London

Malet Street, Birkbeck Central, London WC1E 7HY

Room: Birkbeck Central BCB 311

Time: 9am – 6pm

Organisers

Centre for Political Economy and Institutional Studies (CPEIS) Birkbeck University of London

Centre for Innovation Management Research (CIMR) Birkbeck University of London

LUCI – Labour, Urbanscape and CItizenship Research area – Competence Centre for Labour, Welfare, and Social Research (SUPSI, University of applied sciences of Southern Switzerland)

Sponsor: Innovation Research Fund, Birkbeck University of London

Overview

Platform urbanization refers to the increasing influence and impact of digital platforms and technologies on urban development processes, shaping the way cities are governed, their institutional framework, and how urban spaces are experienced and lived by their citizens.

The workshop elaborates on two driving questions:

  1. To what extent and with which institutional settings do platforms display a specific focus on the city?;
  2. How do platforms redefine or challenge the way in which urban forms of citizenship are shaped?

This workshop represents a key platform bringing together esteemed scholars, and international experts from different organisations, and research institutes from various countries (UK, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, India, Singapore, France, and Denmark).

In this transformative workshop, we will analyse and try to envisage how to shape the future of platform urbanization, positioning ourselves to compete for substantial grants that will drive meaningful change in the field. Our objectives in effect are: i) in the short term, the production of a policy report/publication and the start of a collaborative network; ii) in the medium/long term, the establishment of a consortium to compete for research projects.

Convenors and Queries

Luca Andriani (luca.andriani@bbk.ac.uk) Filippo Bignami (Filippo.Bignami@supsi.ch), Niccolò Cuppini (Niccolo.Cuppini@supsi.ch) and Saverio Romeo (saverio.romeo@bbk.ac.uk)

Agenda

9.00 – 9.30 Networking Coffee and Welcome

9.30-11.30 Session 1 (hybrid) Coordinators: Saverio Romeo and Filippo Bignami

Discussion on urban digital twins, governance, and citizenship challenges/engagement

(in-person and on-line participants)

Speakers (Max 10-Minute Presentation)

  • Dylan Brady (NUS Singapore)
  • Khaliq Parkar (CESSMA University of Paris)
  • Otello Palmini (University of Ferrara)
  • Carmelo Cennamo (Copenaghen Business school – EUDPRN) 
  • Uttara Purandare (IITB-Monash Research Academy, India)

11.30 – 11.45 Coffee break

11.45–13.30 Session 2 (in-person) Coordinators: Filippo Bignami and Naomi C. Hanakata (NUS Singapore)

Analysis, discussion and focus of research themes to be developed in the project.

Speakers (Max 10-Minute Presentation)

  • Stefania Paolazzi (Comune di Bologna)
  • Noemi Julian (FIU-Fondazione Innovazione urbana Bologna)
  • Martijn de Waal (Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences – Amsterdam Smart city)
  • Suzie McAleer (Managing Director of 21cConsultancy)
  • Persis Taraporevala (Birkbeck)
  • Scott Rodgers (Birkbeck)
  • Susan Moore (UCL)

Sum-up of main research themes to elaborate on Filippo Bignami and Naomi C. Hanakata

13.30-14.30 Lunch break

14.30-16.00 Session 3 (in-person) Coordinators: Luca Andriani and Niccolò Cuppini

Development of research hypotheses, open discussion

16.00-16.30 Coffee break

16.30-17.30 Session 4 (in-person) Coordinators: Luca Andriani and Niccolò Cuppini

Set-up of consortium and network, conclusion – In person session

19.00 Social Dinner Funded by the Conference

Restaurant: TAS Bloomsbury (22 Bloomsbury Street, London, WC1B 3QJ

Call for Paper – Social Capital Panel – 2024 IIPPE Conference

14th Annual Conference in Political Economy, 

“The Changing World Economy, and Today’s Imperialism”, 

September 4-7, 2024 / Kadir Has Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye. 

Call for Papers for Panels organized by the Social Capital Working Group 

THEME: After 30 years of social capital research: Past, present, and future

Asimina Christoforou, Panteion University, Greece. 

Luca Andriani, Birkbeck, University of London, UK.

It has been 30 years since Robert Putnam published his seminal book Making Democracy Work, which initiated a spiral of theoretical and empirical studies on the concept of social capital and its impact in economic, political and social life. Putnam was interested in explaining the differential distribution of economic development across regions in Italy by exploring the historical and cultural differences of civic behaviour and social association.

In the past decades, social capital has been identified and measured in different ways, it has been employed to explain a variety of phenomena, and it has been a topic of heightened controversy. Still questions remain:

  • What is social capital?
  • How can it be measured?
  • Does it create value for individuals and groups?
  • Why and how does social capital emerge and evolve?
  • Is social capital an asset for the powerful to reproduce structures of domination and inequality, or a capability of a community to mobilize social forces and promote social change and justice?
  • How can it affect public policy and social welfare?
  • How is it affected by recent changes in the global economy led by human biological technologies, artificial intelligence, non-carbon renewable energy technologies, and the shifts in the relationship between the Global North and the Global South?
  • What can social capital do in response to challenges of multiple crises to overcome the vulnerability of communities and build their resilience?

We invite contributions that examine these questions. We also encourage contributions that generally address the topic of social capital. We welcome works that derive from various social science disciplines and use different units of analysis (individual, regional, country or cross-country level), methodologies and techniques (theoretical, empirical, qualitative and quantitative). 

Please submit your proposal by February 1, 2024. 

To submit a proposal, please use the “Submit proposal” button at https://iippe.org/, and carefully follow the instructions. You will need to select “Social Capital” from the list to submit a proposal to our sessions. As usual, submissions may be made as (a) proposals for individual papers (which IIPPE will group into panels), (b) proposals for panels, (c) proposals for streams of panels, or (d) proposals on activism. The electronic submission platform is open to accept your submissions. 

For queries and suggestions, you may contact Asimina Christoforou, Coordinator of the Social Capital Working Group: a.christoforou@panteion.gr 

1st Seminar Series on Governance, Institutions and Sustainability

Academic Year 2023/24

Hosting Institutes:

Centre for Political Economy and Institutional Studies (CPEIS), Birkbeck University of London; Birkbeck Responsible Business Centre (RBC)

Location: Online

Convenor/Organiser: Dr Luca Andriani (Birkbeck University of London)

Contact: luca.andriani@bbk.ac.uk 

Introduction

We are pleased to announce the 1st Seminar Series on Governance, Institutions, and Sustainability” jointly hosted by the Centre for Political Economy and Institutional Studies and by the Birkbeck Responsible Business Centre, within the Birkbeck Business School 

In our rapidly evolving world, the intricate web connecting governance, institutions, and sustainability has become increasingly prominent. We invite scholars, researchers, and practitioners to enhance this very important debate and to join us in exploring the profound intertwining of these critical elements at our upcoming seminar series.

Calendar

November 7 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Arkshaya Kamalnath (Australian National University, College of Law)

Diversity in Corporations

Book your place

November 21 – Time:  1pm-2pm

Prof Gerhard Schnyder (Loughborough University London)

State-Owned Companies and Climate Change: Part of the problems or part of the solutions?

Book your place

November 28 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Blanca Grey (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) Delivering impact in a time of complexity

December 5 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr David Gindis (Warwick University)

From the Co-Production to the Joint Production of the Corporate Form

January 16 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Antonio Savoia (University of Manchester) Institutional Change and Persistence: What does the long-run evidence tell us?

January 23 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Elodie Douarin (UCL)

Post-conflict Political Participation, Gender, and Institutions

January 30 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Randolph Bruno (UCL)

Income and Corruption: 1790-2010

February 6

Dr Nadia Von Jacobi (University of Trento)

TBC

February 13 – 6pm-7pm

Dr Donatella Saccone (University of Pollenzo and Turin Centre on Emerging Economies)

Dr Marta Marson (Politecnico of Milan)

The nexus between food prices and income inequalities: implications for global food security

February 20 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Prof Silvia Sedita (University of Padova) / Dr Silvia Blasi (University of Verona)

TBC

February 27 – Time: 1pm-2pm 

Dr Ayşegül Kayaoğlu (Department of Economics, Instambul Technical University) Ethnic Segregation and Gender Norms

March 5 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Arron Phillips (Birkbeck University of London)

Whistleblowing policy at higher education institute

March 14 – Time: 1pm-2pm

Dr Francesca Gagliardi (University of Hertfordshire)

Cooperatives, Institutional Complementarities, and the Polycentric Governance of Sustainable Development

March 19 – Time: 1pm-2pm 

Prof Sue Konzelman (Birkbeck University of London)

Marc Fovargue-Davies (Cambridge Centre for Business Research) Capitalism, Austerity, and Fascism

Criminology Seminar Series 2023-24

The CPEIS is delighted to co-host along with the Birkbeck Responsible Business Centre and the School of Social Sciences of Birkbeck University of London the Criminology Seminar Series 2023-24.

Launched in 2015, the Criminology Seminar Series provides a platform for critical, path-breaking interdisciplinary research on crime, criminal justice and related themes by scholars within and beyond Birkbeck. 

Attendance is free and open to all. Book your place by following the links below, or email the convenor, Sappho Xenakis

Calendar

3 October 2023‘Seeing Like a Cop’: Visual and Colonially in spaces of gendered criminalisation with Dr Emma Russell (La Trobe University).

12 October 2023: ‘The Harms and Crimes of the Powerful‘ with Professor Dawn L. Rothe (Florida Atlantic University) and Professor Victoria E. Collins (Eastern Kentucky University).

30 November 2023: ‘The Post Office Scandal: Professional Pathologies and Legality Illusions‘ with Professor Richard Moorhead FAcSS, Professor of Law and Professional Ethics, University of Exeter.

14 March 2024: ‘Stigma and Penalty in the Everyday Lives of Black British Young Women: The Case of Child Q‘ with Dr Esmorie Miller, Lancaster University.

CPEIS Academic Impact – Symposium “Crisis and Persistence: Dynamics of institutional changes at the interface between formal and informal institutions”

We are very pleased to announce that as a result of the workshop organised by the CPEIS jointly with the Centre for Comparative Studies of Emerging Economies at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES UCL) and the Institute for International Management (IIM) at Loughborough University London), on “Crisis and Persistence: Dynamics of institutional changes at the interface between formal and informal institutions”, a symposium of equivalent title for the Journal of Institutional Economics, guest edited by Dr Elodie Douarin and Prof Gerhard Schnyder is planning to be published.

CPEIS Academic Impact – Special Issue “Institutions and Culture in Economic Contexts”

We are very pleased to announce that as a result of the workshop organised by the CPEIS jointly with the Centre for Comparative Studies of Emerging Economies at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES UCL) and the Institute for International Management (IIM) at Loughborough University London), on “Institutions and Culture in Economic Contexts”, a special issue of equivalent title for the Journal of Institutional Economics, guest edited by Dr Luca Andriani and Dr Randolph Bruno have been published in February 2022   

Institutions and Culture in Economic Contexts

Volume 18 – Special Issue 1 – February 2022

Workshop Institutions, Inequality and (Un)Happiness – Programme Overview

Venue: School of Slavonic and East European Studies – University College London
Date: 19 June 2023

Paper Session 1: InequalityChair: Elodie Douarin

Does Inequality Enhance Life Satisfaction? A Longitudinal Investigation
David Bartram (University of Leicester) – Discussant: Adeola Oyenubi

Gini who? An Empirical Study of the Relation between Perception of
Inequality and Life Satisfaction
– Daniele Marchesi (University of Groningen)
Discussant: Tomasz Mickiewicz

Paper Session 2: Subjective Wellbeing
Chair: Luca Andriani

The Coronavirus Crisis and Subjective Wellbeing in Britain – Lateef Akanni
(University of Strathclyde)
Discussant: Chiara Amini

Spatial Inequality, sub-regional Governance and Subjective Well-being: the
case of South Africa
– David Fadiran (University of Cape Town)
Discussant: Serena Merino

Paper Session 3: Gender and Culture
Chair: Randolph Bruno

Where Are Working Women Happier? Welfare State Policies and Female
employment across Europe – Effects on Subjective Well-Being
– Judit Kalman
(Corvinus University)
Discussant: Gerhard Schnyder

Women’s work and inequality in the institutional perspective– Anna
Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz (Jagiellonian University)
Discussant: Elodie Douarin

The Origins of Culture – Carmine Guerriero (University of Bologna)
Discussant: Tomas Cvrcek

Roundtable Discussion:
Institutions, Inequality, and (Un-) Happiness – Key research issues and way
forward

Chair: Gerhard Schnyder

Introduction: Luca Andriani, Elodie Douarin, Randolph Bruno and Gerhard
Schnyder
Open floor

Closure

Call for paper – One-day workshop on: Institutions, Inequality, and (Un)Happiness

To be held: 19 June, 2023 – SSEES, UCL London, UK

On behalf of the Friday Association for Institutional Studies (a collective including members of the Birkbeck Centre for Political Economy and Institutional Studies (CPEIS), the Centre for Comparative Studies of Emerging Economies at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES UCL) and the Institute for International Management at Loughborough University London, we are pleased to announce the following call for contributions for its 5th London Workshop on Institutional Issues.

Theme:

Happiness, as an explicit measure of wellbeing, good institutional quality, as a pillar of development, and low level of inequality, as a driver of social harmony are all increasingly seen as important metrics of societal success. With this call, we aim to invite researchers from any social science discipline to submit their research engaging with at least 2 of these notions to contribute to a critical and constructive debate on their complex interrelations and their relevance to our understand of development in a broad sense.

During the first two decades of the 21st century, inequality has become a political buzzword and an increasingly prominent topic for academic research (e.g. Piketty, 2013, Pistor 2019, Milanovic 2019). The relationship between economic and political inequality and societal and individual outcomes, such as happiness and life satisfaction, has kept scholars across various disciplines busy. Institutions, it turns out, often play a key role in many of these studies, but a lot remains to be clarified about the complex relationships between all the above aspects.

Inequality, for instance, can be viewed from a social deprivation perspective as having a significant impact on individual and societal happiness. Income shapes individuals’ and households’ lives by creating opportunities of “choice” (Sen 1970), as opposed to being bound to poverty and the cage of lack of such liberty. Citizens living in richer and institutionally more advanced countries tend to be happier (Clark, 2018; Di Tella & MacCulloch, 2008; Easterlin et al., 2010), confirming the positive association between income and subjective wellbeing (Ferrer-i-Carbonell, 2005; Flèche, S., & Layard 2017). However, an individual’s income is only one of the several determinants of happiness and life satisfaction (Flèche, S., & Layard 2017) as other factors such as the distribution of resources or institutional quality might impact individuals’ self-evaluation of their live conditions (Amini and Douarin 2020; Christoph 2010).

Specifically, explicit criticism has been made to the assumption that a rise in income can be a primary driver of happiness (Schimmel 2009). However, unlike income, inequality is a comparative measure, looking at the distribution of resources within a specific socio-economic context. Individuals tend to compare their economic and living conditions to fellow citizens within their surrounding environment. This may mean that in context where nearly everyone experiences a rise in income, those experiencing a relatively lower pace of improvement may feel deprived vis-à-vis their neighbours (Djankov et al. 2016; Nikolova 2016); while rising inequality can be interpreted as either negative, due to increase disparities, or positive, if it is interpreted as an opening of opportunities (Grosfeld and Senik, 2010; Hirschman and Rothschild, 1973).

Recent works have also focused on the relationship between life satisfaction and institutions, being formal or informal (Bjørnskov et al. 2010; Nikolova and Nikolaev 2017; Nikolova, Popova and Otrachshenko 2023). Evidence suggests that better political institutions which can guarantee compliance with the rule of law (Nikolova 2016) and reduce corruption (Amini and Douarin 2020) may increase happiness, while living in an institutional context that is markedly different from one’s own preferences reduces life satisfaction (Hadsell and Jones, 2020) . Life satisfaction is also a crucial cognitive aspect driving individuals to be more civically engaged (Guven 2011) and to be more averse to rent-seeking behaviours such as corruption (Andriani and Ashyrov 2022). Shedding lights on the mechanisms linking happiness and institutions might enhance our understanding of citizens’ revealed preferences in terms of institutional compliance as well as in terms of individuals’ contribution to the welfare of the society where they live.           

While institutions influence inequality, the converse is true as well. Thus, inequality impacts the quality and stability of political regimes. Political scientists have found that income inequality may be one driver for support for anti-system populist parties, although the precise mechanism for this association is not clear (Stoeztler et al., 2023). Indeed, the relationship between inequality and institutions is a complex one. For instance, the relationship between inequality and institutional quality may be a ‘double causality’ (Chong & Gradstein, 2004), with initial income and political inequality affecting institutional quality, reinforcing inequality. Some have also demonstrated that citizens’ tolerance for inequality is mediated through institutional quality, with good governance being associated with a greater perception of inequality as possibly fair (Brock, 2020). Moreover, there is evidence that inequality can lead to institutional change that establishes exploitative political systems, which redistribute in favour of the dominant class (Savoia et al., 2010).

Inequality is also associated not just with political institutions, but also with various economic institutions. For example, the financialisation of Western economies – i.e. the expansion of the financial sector and increasing dominance of a ‘financial logic’ even in non-financial corporations (Pistor 2019)– is commonly considered a key driver of increased income and wealth inequality, as the decline of the labour share and the increase of wages’ inequality (Autor et al. 2017 2020; Schwellnus et al. 2018). However, political economists have also found that institutions play an important moderating role. For instance, countries where labour power is more strongly institutionalised experience a less marked increase in inequality than countries with weak labour (Huber et al., 2022). Indeed, changes in institutional arrangements of collective bargaining have been shown to lead to changing power relations between trade unions and employers, which in turn affects the extent to which inequality increases in a country during industrial transformation (Benassi et al., 2016).

In short, inequality, institutional quality and life satisfaction are inter-connected, related, mediated, associated in many ways, and we propose to explore and embrace that diversity of relations during our 1-day workshop. Thus, questions of interest include – but are not limited to: 

1. How is the quality of life impacted by the quality of institutions?

2. How do institutions influence the impact of inequality on economic and non-economic wellbeing?

3. How does inequality and or subjective wellbeing impact institutional trust?

4. What is the relationship between inequality, quality of institutions and public good contributions?

5. How does inequality influence subjective wellbeing and sustainability?

6. Societal wellbeing between formal and informal institutions

7. How do formal institutions mediate the relationship between inequality and aspects of subjective wellbeing?

8. What are the organisation- and industry-level determinants of societal inequality?

9. What are the “institutional drivers” behind the decline of labour share and increase of wages’ inequality?

Submission:

Please send an abstract (max. 500 words) or a full paper (if available and preferred by the submitters) by 12 March 2023 to ssees-events@ucl.ac.uk

The submission should be sent with “2023 Friday Association Workshop” in the subject line.

Please note that the format of the submission (abstract or full paper) will not affect the chances of being accepted. Researchers submitting structured abstracts will not be treated less favourably than authors submitting full papers, as long as their key contribution and approach are made clear.

Authors of accepted submissions will be notified by 31 March 2023

Structure of Presentations:

Every paper presentation will be assigned a discussant. It is thus important to submit full papers at least two weeks before the workshop, i.e. 5 June 2023 at the latest.

Convenors and Queries

For any queries, please contact any of the workshop convenors: Dr Luca Andriani (luca.andriani@bbk.ac.uk), Dr Randolph L Bruno (Randolph.bruno@ucl.ac.uk), Dr Elodie Douarin (e.douarin@ucl.ac.uk) and Prof Gerhard Schnyder (G.Schnyder@lboro.ac.uk)    

Call for Papers – London Workshop on Institutional Issues – 2021

Crisis and Persistence: Dynamics of institutional changes at the interface of the formal and informal institutions

Organised by The Friday Association for Institutional Studies

On behalf of the Friday Association for Institutional Studies (a collective including members of the Birkbeck Centre for Political Economy and Institutional Studies (CPEIS), the Centre for Comparative Studies of Emerging Economies at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES UCL) and the Institute for International Management at Loughborough University London), we are pleased to announce the following call for contributions to our 4th annual London workshop on institutional studies (to be held online on 23 and 24 September 2021).

As the COVID sanitary emergency continues to unfold, and despite the glimmer of hope afforded by the vaccine roll-out in some parts of the world, we are reminded of the key role crises often play in institutional change. Indeed, they constitute opportunity windows for change and sometimes moments of critical junctures and structural breaks in the development of economic institutions (Collier and Collier 1991; Acemoglu and Robinson 2012). However, some – even major – emergencies do not seem to have the expected disruptive effect on institutional arrangements, with institutional features showing remarkable resilience in the face of major upheaval (Crouch 2011). One stream of scholarship focuses on “punctured equilibrium” models (Baumgartner and Jones 1993), “grammar of institutions” (Crawford and Ostrom 1995) or “critical junctures” (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012), that is to say on events or conditions generating big and radical institutional changes. Another stream of research has pointed out the importance of more subtle processes of institutional change, proposing theoretical tools that capture incremental, but still transformative processes of change (Mahoney and Thelen 2010; Streeck and Thelen 2005).  

Against this general backdrop, one important understudied aspect is the role of informal institutions and their interplay with formal institutions in processes of institutional change. Crises are often associated with disruption of the formal institutional order, while little attention is paid to the role of informal institutions. Informal institutions are sometimes seen as ‘second best’ (Rodrik 2008) compared to more formal institutional arrangement. However, in crisis situations when the formal institutional order breaks down or is severely challenged, informal institutions may prove crucial for economic activity to persist by providing resilience. Conversely, whether or not a crisis will provide an opportunity for formal institutional change may also depend on whether informal institutions supporting the status quo remain unchallenged or are equally shaken by the crisis. More generally, informal institutions have been conceptualised as shaping the implementation of formal institutions, making them a more fundamental driver of institutional change (Boettke, et al., 2008).

Overall, we thus contend that crises provide opportunities to further our understanding of the interplay between formal and informal institutions. Better understanding the interplay between formal and informal institutions in times of crises holds important lessons for both theory and policy making. In certain circumstances, socially desirable change does not happen although recurring crises may show the limitations of the existing system. Conversely, more research is needed on what makes institutions resilient to crises even when change appears desirable. Both issues require a better understanding of the interplay between formal and informal institutions.

We are thus calling for papers proposing to shed light on institutional change, either incremental or sudden, with an explicit focus on the role played by informal institutions, either theoretically or empirically. Questions of interest include – but are not limited to:

  • What are the antecedents of different types of institutional change in times of crisis?
  • What interactions exist between formal and informal institutions during crises?
  • How do informal institutions affect institutional change during crises?
  • Can crises reshape human behaviour above and beyond the “formal rules of the games”?
  • How/when/where do informal institutions provide resilience to institutional orders in crisis? How/when/where do they undermine institutional stability or support institutional change?

Submission:

Please send an abstract (max. 500 words) or a full paper (if available and preferred by the submitters) by 18 June 2021 to ssees-events@ucl.ac.uk

The submission should be sent with “Institutional Change Workshop” in the subject line.

Please note that the format of the submission (abstract or full paper) will not affect the chances of being accepted. Researchers submitting structured abstracts will not be treated less favourably than authors submitting full papers, as long as their key contribution and approach are made clear.

Authors of accepted submissions will be notified by 9 July 2021

Structure of Presentations:

Every paper presentation will be assigned a discussant. It is thus important to submit full papers at least two weeks before the workshop, i.e. 9 September 2021 at the latest.

Convenors and Queries

For any queries, please contact any of the workshop convenors: Dr Luca Andriani (luca.andriani@bbk.ac.uk), Dr Randolph L Bruno (Randolph.bruno@ucl.ac.uk), Dr Elodie Douarin (e.douarin@ucl.ac.uk) and Dr Gerhard Schnyder (G.Schnyder@lboro.ac.uk)    

When: [21 and 22 September 2021 – two half days {time to be confirmed after papers acceptance, to be able to adapt to the location of the speakers}]

Where: Hosted on zoom (logins detail to be circulated at a later date)

References:

Acemoglu, D. and J. Robinson (2012) Why Nations Fail. London: Profile Books Ltd.

Boettke, P., Coyne, C., & Leeson, P. (2008). Institutional Stickiness and the New Development Economics. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 67(2), 331–358.

Baumgartner, Frank R. and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Collier, Ruth Berins and David Collier. 1991. Framework: Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies.

Crawford, Sue E. S  Ostrom, Elinor;. (September 1995). “A grammar of institutions”. American Political Science Review89 (3)

Crouch, Colin. 2011. The Strange Non-Death of Neo-Liberalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Mahoney, James and Kathleen Thelen, eds. 2010. Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Rodrik, Dani. 2008. “Second-Best Institutions.” NBER Working Paper Series 14050:1–4.

Streeck, Wolfgang and Kathleen Thelen. 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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